% of Bioiogical Children Born to Same-sex Parents Peer Review Articles
Optimally, you've got the input from both [a mother and a father] and the children brought up in those circumstances are, as a cohort, ameliorate off than those who are not.
… whether information technology's in terms of health outcomes, mental health, concrete health, whether it's in terms of employment prospects, in terms of how this is generated from i generation to another, the social science evidence is overwhelmingly in one direction in this regard. – Liberal MP Kevin Andrews, excerpts from an interview on Sky News, August 13, 2017.
Public campaigns for and against aforementioned-sex union take been heightened by the Turnbull authorities'southward program to deport a $122 million voluntary postal survey asking the nation whether same-sex couples should exist able to marry nether Australian law.
Discussing his opposition to same-sex marriage during an interview on Sky News, Liberal MP Kevin Andrews said children who are brought up with a mother and a father "are, equally a accomplice, better off than those who are non".
Andrews also said the "social science evidence is overwhelmingly in one direction in this regard".
Let's look at the research.
Checking the source
When asked for sources to support his statements, a spokesperson for Kevin Andrews told The Conversation:
Mr Andrews wrote a book called "Possibly I Practise". Y'all might also like to look at the 2011 study, For Kids' Sake, by Professor Patrick Parkinson of the University of Sydney and studies by Douglas Allen (2015) in Canada and Paul Sullins (2015) in the United states of america.
Verdict
Kevin Andrews' assertion that children who are brought up with a mother and begetter are, "equally a cohort, better off than those who are non" is non supported by research evidence.
The majority of research on this topic shows that children or adolescents raised by same-sexual practice parents fare equally besides as those raised past opposite-sex parents on a wide range of social, emotional, health and academic outcomes.
Response to Kevin Andrews' sources
First of all, allow's wait at the sources provided by Andrews' spokesperson to support his statements. A summary of Kevin Andrews' book on the National Library of Commonwealth of australia website says it:
… reviews the show on the benefits of spousal relationship for society, children, and adults. It argues that salubrious, stable, and happy marriages are the optimal institution for promoting individual well existence and healthy societies.
It's true that there is a big torso of evidence to show that stability in marriage and family life is beneficial for children, specially in early on babyhood. Some research has shown that these benefits are associated with higher average income and education levels among married couples, rather than wedlock itself.
But these studies didn't involve comparisons between contrary-sex and same-sex activity married couples, and so they practise not defend the statement that heterosexual marriage leads to better outcomes for children than same-sexual activity wedlock. In fact, some inquiry suggests same-sex marriage would provide benefits for children being raised in these families.
Patrick Parkinson's report, For Kid's Sake, links rising rates of divorce, family unit disharmonize and instability in parental relationships with increasing psychological distress among young people in Commonwealth of australia. One of Parkinson's conclusions was that:
the most stable, condom and nurturing environment for children is when their parents are, and remain, married to one another.
There are studies that support these assertions. This inquiry supports the importance of family unit stability, quality relationships between parents and children, and the need for admission to socioeconomic resources – just not the need for parents to be heterosexual.
Douglas Allen'due south 2015 newspaper is a disquisitional, but not systematic, review of more than 60 studies relating to same-sexual practice parenting and/or child outcomes. This paper does non present findings related to child outcomes.
Rather, Allen says that, due to sampling bias and small-scale sample sizes in the existing torso of work, there is currently no conclusive scientific evidence demonstrating that children raised by same-sex couples do ameliorate or worse than children raised by heterosexual couples.
Andrews' spokesperson also pointed to 2015 research from Paul Sullins. Sullins' 2015 assay of information from the US National Health Interview Survey indicated that children raised by same-sex parents were more than than twice as likely to experience emotional bug than those raised past heterosexual, married parents who were biologically related to their children. Simply this analysis was criticised for non taking into account the stability of the family environment.
The author combined all children in same-sex families into one category, while placing children in opposite-sex families into separate categories – including different categories for step-parents and single parents, for example. So the comparison fabricated was between all aforementioned-sex parented families, and a selection of stable heterosexual families.
Research on outcomes for children in same-sex parented families
Now let's expect at other studies that have been conducted around the world. Many of these studies examine the outcomes for children in same-sexual activity parented families where both parents are women. There has been insufficiently piddling research on families in which both parents are men. It tin can be hard to attain adequate sample sizes of children raised in two-father families, given the small number of these families. At that place is no enquiry showing that children raised by gay fathers fare worse than other children.
A report published in 2016 using data from the U.s. National Survey of Children'south Health for 2011-12 compared outcomes for children aged six to 17 years in 95 female aforementioned-sexual activity parented families and 95 reverse-sexual activity parented families.
The study institute no differences in outcomes for children raised by lesbian parents compared to heterosexual parents on a range of outcomes including general health, emotional difficulties, coping behaviour and learning behaviour.
A newspaper published for the American Sociological Association in 2014 reviewed 10 years' of scientific literature on kid well-existence in same-sexual practice parented families in the US. The literature review covered twoscore original published studies, including numerous credible and methodologically sound social science studies, many of which drew on nationally representative information.
The authors concluded there was articulate consensus in scientific literature that children raised by same-sexual activity couples fared besides as children raised by opposite-sex couples. This applied for a range of well-being measures, including:
- academic performance
- cerebral development
- social development
- psychological health
- early sex activity, and
- substance abuse.
The authors noted that differences in child well-being were largely due to socioeconomic circumstances and family stability.
A meta-analysis published in the Journal of Marriage and Family unit in 2010 combined the results of 33 studies to appraise how the gender of parents affected children. The authors found the strengths typically associated with married mother-father families appeared to the same degree in families with two mothers and potentially in those with 2 fathers.
The meta-analysis found no evidence that children raised by aforementioned-sex couples fared worse than children raised by opposite-sex couples on a range of outcomes including:
- security of attachment to parents
- behavioural problems
- self perceptions of cognitive and physical competence, and
- interest, effort and success in school.
This review included studies from Europe, the UK and the Us. The authors said that scholars had achieved
a rare degree of consensus that unmarried lesbian parents are raising children who develop at least as well as their counterparts with married heterosexual parents.
In Commonwealth of australia, a large study published in the peer-reviewed BMC Public Health Journal in 2014 (and of which I was one of v co-authors) surveyed 315 parents representing 500 children. 80% of children had a female same-sex attracted parent, while 18% had a male person same-sex attracted parent.
The results did support previous research showing that stigma related to a parent's sexual orientation is negatively associated with mental health and well-being.
But, overall, the study found children and adolescents raised past same-sex parents in Australia fared also every bit children of opposite-sex parents, and better on measures of general behaviour, general wellness and family unit cohesion.
A follow up paper published in 2016 found at that place was no departure between children raised in female aforementioned-sex parent households and children raised in male same-sexual practice parent households.
Further work from the same project reported on surveys and interviews with adolescents raised by same-sex parents. This written report (of which I was one of 4 co-authors) did find that some adolescents with same-sexual practice parents reported experiencing anxiety relating to fear of discrimination, which was linked to poorer well-beingness.
A Usa study published in 2011 plant adolescents raised past lesbian mothers were more likely to have reported occasional substance use, but not more probable to take reported heavy use, than other adolescents.
A 2010 analysis of data from the 2000 The states census institute that children raised by same-sex couples had no fundamental deficits in making normal progress through school compared to children raised by contrary-sexual activity couples.
When parents' socio-economic status and the characteristics of the students were deemed for, the educational outcomes for children of same-sex couples couldn't be distinguished with statistical certainty from children of heterosexual married couples.
Analysing studies that show unlike results
Some studies have indicated that adults raised by aforementioned-sex parents fare worse on some educational, social or emotional outcomes. But the bulk of research does not back up this. There are besides studies that have been published and later discredited, but go on to be used as references.
The 2012 United states of america New Family Structures Study, besides known every bit the "Regnerus study", is often cited by groups opposed to same-sex wedlock.
The study looked at outcomes for adults aged 18-39. It compared outcomes for adults with a parent who had had a same-sexual practice human relationship, with outcomes for adults raised by still-married, heterosexual couples who were biologically related to their children. Information technology showed the adults with a gay or lesbian parent or parents fared worse on a range of social, educational and health outcomes. But this study has been very widely criticised.
In a cursory filed in the US Supreme Court in 2015, the American Sociological Association said:
The Regnerus study … did not specifically examine children raised by same-sex parents, and provides no support for the conclusions that same-sex parents are junior parents or that the children of same-sex parents experience worse outcomes.
Every bit outlined past the American Sociological Association, the written report removed all divorced, single, and stride-parent families from the heterosexual group, leaving just stable, married, heterosexual families equally the comparing. In add-on, Regnerus categorised children as having been raised by a parent in a same-sexual practice human relationship
regardless of whether they were in fact raised by the parent … and regardless of the corporeality of fourth dimension that they spent under the parent's care.
A subsequent reanalysis of the information, using different criteria for categorising respondents, found the results inconclusive, or suggestive that "adult children raised by same-sex two-parent families evidence a comparable adult contour to their peers raised past ii-biological-parent families".
Strengths and weaknesses of evidence on outcomes for children
The "aureate standard" for research on kid and family unit outcomes are studies that involve randomly selected, population-based samples. This has been difficult to achieve in inquiry on same-sexual activity parenting considering many population-based studies don't ask almost parents' sexual orientation. Even where they practise enquire, non all studies include a sample of children or adults raised past same-sex parents that is large enough to provide for reliable statistical analysis.
This has led to criticism of the quality of evidence on outcomes for children raised by aforementioned-sex parents, because most studies have relied on convenience or volunteer samples, which are not randomly selected, and then may include bias.
However, there are methodological limitations in all studies. And, as outlined earlier, recent analyses of population-based data sets have supported the finding that children or adolescents raised past aforementioned-sex couples practice not experience poorer outcomes than other children. So there is no articulate basis to the argument that convenience samples pb to "wrong" findings due to bias. – Jennifer Power
Review
This FactCheck gives a practiced broad overview of the research and scientific consensus in regard to kid wellness and well-being in same-sex activity parent families. The studies included, on balance, represent the current agreement of academics and child health experts on child health and well-being outcomes in same-sex parent families.
The National Lesbian Longitudinal Family Report provides additional bear witness to back up the verdict of this FactCheck. As a well established and methodologically robust longitudinal study, the National Lesbian Longitudinal Family Written report provides important additional insights.
In the Australian context, the 2013 Australian Institute of Family Studies review of same-sex activity parent families as well supports the overall verdict of this FactCheck.
It should be noted that research has indicated that aforementioned-sex parent families experience stigma and discrimination, and when they practice it can impact on child health and well-beingness.
Overall, all the same, the verdict in this FactCheck is appropriate based on current research. – Simon Crouch
The Chat's FactCheck unit is the first fact-checking team in Commonwealth of australia and one of the start worldwide to be accredited by the International Fact-Checking Network, an alliance of fact-checkers hosted at the Poynter Institute in the US. Read more here.
Have you seen a "fact" worth checking? The Chat's FactCheck asks bookish experts to test claims and see how true they are. We then inquire a 2nd academic to review an anonymous copy of the commodity. You can asking a check at checkit@theconversation.edu.au. Please include the statement you would like us to bank check, the date it was made, and a link if possible.
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Source: https://theconversation.com/factcheck-are-children-better-off-with-a-mother-and-father-than-with-same-sex-parents-82313
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